FAQ & GLOSSARY



DNA Keychain Glossary of Terms (see blow for FAQ)

Asset: Assets are objects stored in the asset space of eSectors. Address numbers may be formed as follows: asset/entity@eSector.eCountry. For example: ETC-M1B644X467@1111.ET. In the case of fungible assets, i.e. eMoney, eBond, eStock, eToken, the account number portion is selected randomly from a domain range of 34 billion possible values. This number is not directly traceable to any time, place or person.

AUTH: Automated Uniform Transfer Hand-off. This is the common process for asset movements between users and is conducted using the PAC consensus model which utilizes BOA for asset authentication and to achieve system-wide agreement.

BOA: Basic Owner Authentication is the eCoin owner authentication process that proves to a validator that the one purporting to own an asset has the control codes and credentials to transfer and control said asset. BOA is the central asset authentication and control mechanism in eCoin and features patent pending cryptographic technology.

Bytosis: The spontaneous division and replication of digital resources by autonomous users acting collectively within a network system following a preprogrammed division and replication process. A derivation from the word mitosis (biological cell division and replication) merged with the word byte.

DAO: Decentralized Autonomous Organization. An organization governed by rules that are encoded as a computer program that is transparent, controlled by shareholders or elected officials and not necessarily controlled by a central authoritative entity or government. In DNA record keeping, financial transactions and program rules are maintained through consensus protocols. This DAO organization provides the management functions and maintains the software and systems for deployments such as DNA, Bitcoin, Etherium, Solana and the like. This organization monitors and repairs functional defects and problems that may arise in any such system. The organization is managed by a central leadership core, or elected council in the case of DNA, who exercises special powers which are granted by way of defacto access control to software repositories, or programmatically assigned council keys in the case of DNA. With DNA these council keys may be granted or revoked by system-wide voting within a set of fully automated consensus protocols.

Detachable Assets*: This type of asset, introduced for the first time on DNA, provides the potential for transaction detail privacy on a public chain database. Detachable assets are assets that move details such as transaction amounts off of the public database and are stored privately only by their owners. The detachable asset consists of two parts in two tables. The public table and the private table. The public table contains verification codes that are essentially hashes of the off-chain contents. The off-chain information may consist of individual transactions, the transaction amount, and other such details. The public portion of the detachable is then used to verify the presented off-chain details when the asset is used for a transfer or other operation by the owner. The verification codes are public record and held by all users within the given asset eSector. These hash codes are also available on all Designated Miner (DM) servers. All fungible detachable assets on DNA (eMoney, eBond, eToken and eStock) also provide a space for a 30 character comment field. This is due to the fact that this infrormation is not stored on the public chain and not replicated thousands or perhaps millions of times. This information is only stored on the owner's device.

DNA: DNA is an acronym which stands for Decentralized Network Assets. The DNA consists of a cooperative of worldwide users working together to develop a decentralized database based upon cryptographic protocols and methods which has zero reliance upon one central authority. The network provides universal storage in a public database that also incorporates user equity privacy through encryption and novel, new authentication mechanisms. The DNA is based upon work pioneered in Bitcoin but extends functions to solve the scalability ceiling issue and efficiency problems initially encountered in this first generation protocol without sacrificing decentralization and, importantly, counter party risk which arguably exists in many competing solutions.

DNA40*: A numeric labeling system that is far more human friendly then other, typical symbol sets employed in cryptocurrencies, such as Base64 and Base58. DNA40 requires 2 columns to display 1 byte similar to Hexadecimal number. The numbers are arranged in pairs which consist of two constituent numeric symbol sets. These two sets are of bit sizes, 5 and 3 respectively, adding up to 8 bits, which is also 1 byte. These sub-number symbol sets are named Rex32 and Rex8, and consist respectively of the following symbols: REX8: 12345678 and REX32: 12345679ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRTUVWXYZ. Both symbol sets omit problematic symbols such as O/0, l (lowercase L which looks very much like the number 1), all lower case letters, and the letter S which may be confused with the number 5. An example number is P11112A321 which is comprised of five pairs of numbers (P1, 11, 12, A3, 21). Each pair stores efficiently as 1 byte and the number is easier for humans to write down and remember then other more complex numbers used in competing cryptocurrency implementations. There are other tricks to the number such as the odd columns are always numbers which provide additional security and verification capabilities. Examples of the same numeric value in various symbol sets (the following represents the same value, just expressed in differing sets)... Decimal: 255; DNA40: Z8; Hexadecimal: ff; Base64URL: _w.

DNA Cryptography: Cipher ed25519 is used to originate asymmetric key pairs. This is the basis of peer signing which is used to make detached signatures. The sodium library is then implemented to convert to curve25519 for encrypting asset information and the owner control system. Curve25519 is called upon directly as basis for BOA.

eCoin: eCoin is the technical protocol name of the DNA deployment and consists of patent pending ideas and processes. eCoin is essentially a peer driven, network system designed to provide equitable storage of peer assets and where movements are controlled only by equal members. eCoin is also a cryptocurrency intended for chain fee payments on the DNA network and is based on an eMoney deployment.

EN: Entity Number. In eCoin there are three types of entities as follows: Peers, Companies and Robots. This number is used throughout the eCoin protocol such as the following: to identify the user during eSector management functions, asset transfer, voting, and entity network identification. An entity's address, or home location is made by combining the EN plus the eSector plus the eCountry. For example, user P1111115Y7 (EN) may have the full address location: P1111115Y7@1111.ET, which is the first eSector, 1111, of the eCountry of Earthtopia, ET. The complete number with all three parts is also called the FAN: Full Address Number.

eCountry: The largest construct of users and assets within the DNA consisting of eSectors generally of uniform and equal size. In addressing the eCountry is the final two letters of the FAN. For example the FAN R-Z421123A5@1112.BT is located in the eCountry of BT or Britanica.

eRobot: eRobots are programs that are applied to various asset types. An eRobot has Robotica programs that contain functions that carry out operations upon the applied asset. For example an eRobot that is assigned to an eMoney asset can be called upon to conduct any authorized work upon that eMoney asset. For example a transfer or asset verification. eRobots can also do more sophisticated operations. For example an eBond may have an eRobot that pays a monthly dividend or provides a payout to an eMoney account such as eCoin. eRobots can be used for bridging between differing cryptocurrencies such as Etherium, Bitcoin and Solana. All eRobots have two records, a home record and a root record. The eRobot root record, is located on the master/root eSector called CENT.ES and contains the eRobot symbol name, for example: BTCM. The symbol acts as a worldwide handle for the eRobot as well as the asset that it manages. The eRobot also contains DNA authorization codes to empower the eRobot as an acting entity on the DNA. The second record that makes up the eRobot is called the home record, which is located on the eRobot's home eCountry and where frequently changing details are stored, such as scripts and other features. The scripting language employed by eRobots is called Robotica and features a stack based variable system, prefix ordered programming syntax and programs built from words similar to Bitcoin (which was based on the Forth programming language). This allows for very compact programs that tend to be more action oriented than the content rendering or general function programming languages. This language is excellent for programming robots that must carry out actions and perform functions for their owners.

eSector: An eSector consists of a set of all data, data structures, asset types and user states within the DNA for one group of users. An eSector is a database of assets unique to that group of users which is mirrored and maintained by all users of that eSector. The eSector is indicated as the second to last segment of the FAN address number. For example the FAN R-Z421123A5@1112.BT is located in the eSector of 1112.

eZone: An eZone consists of an eSector plus an eCountry. For example 1111.ET. The FAN R-Z421123A5@1112.BT is located in the eZone of 1112.BT.

EVS: Entity Verification Services, a root agency selected by the membership through a majority vote to conduct entity vetting and verification before permitting their entry as peers onto the DNA network. Peers must follow an application process in order to join the network and validate asset movements and the EVS conducts this process. This agency also must authorized new companies and robots before becoming chartered. The EVS agency charter must be renewed through a global membership vote every 10 years.

ERRORS: For errors that occur in the system, see FAULT CODES

FAN: On DNA the FAN stands for Full Asset Number and is used to label, specify type and to locate assets. The FAN consists of 3 segments as follows: Asset number, eSector and eCountry. The last two segments, eSector and eCountry, may, together, be called the eZone. Example FAN: ETC-M421123A5@1112.BT. Various assets have differing type identifiers. In the example ETC-M421123A5@1112.BT, the asset type is monetary. This is signified by the M prefix in the account number: M421123A5. ETC designates the eRobot prefix which may be found by visiting to the eRobot root or home records."

Keychain: (1) A database system comprised of one or more tables that have records that are chained together using successive hashing of key fields, one record after the next, building a singular collection of irrefutable elemental content. These are the tables and databases which make up the majority of the eCoin mainnet. In this definition, the Keychain is equivalent to the Blockchain in Bitcoin and Etherium. Unlike Blockchain, Keychain does not collect users into a pool to await validation and acceptance onto the chain. Keychain processes records immediately upon submission by the sender. Efficiency is maintained through the use of a new consensus algorithm called PAC which replaces POW used in Bitcoin. See PAC definition for more information. (2) A table column named dna_Keychain within a table of assets or entities which stores the linking hash number to it and every preceding same column of the table. The Keychain column within a table provides for a linked list and sequential labeling of records for hash list ordering and database verification at the level of record. This hash number is generated during the AUTH process.

MINER: MINER is an acronym which stands for Management of Information Network and Entity Resolver. The two primary functions of MINERS are to help to manage the asset information network of DNA and to work with the entities to facilitate reliable and timely communications. A MINER is an independent service company who provides worldwide database services to members in order to facilitate the following: asset transfer and tracking functions; user check-ins to provide lists of online users to other users in the network; locker services utilized during asset transfer with PAC; a worldwide look-up of all assets and user public keys; and push notifications to its members. MINERS are paid for their services in eCoins calculated using transaction fees plus a network rewards system.

PAC*: Probable Agreement Consensus is a logical consensus model based upon probability theory whereby agreement from a small sampling of randomly selected, like members, following a consistent random selection protocol based on a known seed value, may be used to achieve system-wide agreement of binary decisions.

The Axioms of PAC:

1) A large population of users will generally behave in an honest manner;

2) Where member value is at stake no one member shall be given unilateral trust, and all member

votes shall count with near equality;

3) A limited sample of peers shall be chosen following a given random selection process,

verifiable by all, who shall authorize a transaction to the database.

PAC is implemented as the central consensus protocol in eCoin. Outcomes may include decisions of whether or not to authenticate an user as being the true owner of a digital asset based upon a review of presented credential information. PAC allows for efficient and rapid decision making in a decentralized system lacking central authority and control as well as giving each and every member equal say and opportunity in the decision making processes. Only DNA peer members may participate in PAC decisions and only peers may decide if an asset movement is legitimate. MINERs, root agencies and the DNA DOA are ineligible in such processes.

Secure Communications: Every entity whether anonymous or full peer must encrypt their communications over DNA. The G7+ (G7, Russia, China and North Korea ) and other nation states of our world have broken SSL and routinely collect, store and study "secure" Internet traffic. The United States no longer hides its imperialist intentions against the rest of the world. In order to assure the success of DNA in such a hostile and challenging environment it is necessary to have all transactions and other certified traffic be encrypted using a private key while traversing over DNA between peers and infrastructure servers. This includes anonymous users. Full peers, people who have taken the time time identify themselves to the other peers, on DNA are given private/public key pairs for this sort of security and their public key is located in their root entity record. Anonymous users, when they obtain a wallet, are also given private/public keys. The public key within this key pair is then stored on home Frontier eZones within the KeyPost for that specific anonymous number. The KeyPost is a public key server for anonymous wallets so that they may conduct secure transactions. In the KeyPost, located only on the Frontier, one will find the public key, used to decrypt secured communications, along with an anonymous identification number. This key is created automatically when one obtains an anonymous wallet and is employed whenever an anonymous user conducts a transaction from their wallet.

Storage Locker: A secure storage location implemented through MINERS and used for convenient information relay during asset validation. Locker ports are opened on the MINER server and secured using network security mechanisms.

TR: Transfer Request. An owner generated message central to the AUTH which acts as the genesis and authorization for a transaction. The TR contains critical asset movement information that must be signed and acknowledged by a set concurrency of the members within an asset eCountry and eSector in order for the asset to be moved within the PAC protocol. A unique pseudo-random number is generated at the beginning of the AUTH which is used to identify the Transfer Request. The Transfer Request is then signed by the participants of the AUTH.

Validator: In the PAC protocol a Validator is a peer in the system who was chosen at random from a known seed and given trust by the other members to act to make a binary decision to authorize a proposed change in an asset database.

* DNA40, BOA, Detachable Assets and PAC are patent pending technologies

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions



Question: What is an anonymous user and how do they gain access to DNA?

  • The anonymous user and wallet record do not contain PII (personally identifiable information) by default.

  • Anonymous users may not participate in PAC (Probable Agreement Consensus), i.e. authorize transactions.

  • They must have an eCoin account with sufficient funding to pay for transactions.

  • Control of the assets within the anonymous wallet is gained simply by the login credentials of the account. Therefore, the username or account number and password must be preserved and properly input in order to control wallet asset. This information must not be lost or copied without owner permission as there is no administrative recovery option.

  • Email address is optional, but is useful if access to the wallet is lost as an email is the only recovery option.


With Anonymous accounts the public keys are located on the KeyPost. KeyPost is a key posting location in the Frontier Zone. Normally, these keys are accessed through an automated process, but are visible on the KeyPost. However, the only information available on the KeyPost is the Anonymous UserID and the corresponding public key. It was deemed necessary by the builders of DNA to implement such a key system (asymmetric) for anonymous users due to network security concerns. With exchanges growing on DNA and the processing of transactions passing through many hands, this public key infrastructure was made a requirement to guarantee transmission security within the system. Processing is conducted using a Designated Miner (DM), Leader Node Miner (LNM) and PAC authorizors as well as having to pass through and be collected by the myriad of nationalized Internet monitoring and firewall systems.


Question: How can I sign up for a free account and receive free cryptocurrency assets?

Open sign-ups will begin on April 1, 2026. You may join the Pre Sign-Up list and be given the opportunity for free Earthica membership, a free account as well as additional assets. Membership with Earthica includes many benefits and entitles you to 10 free eCoins, 100 free BTCM and other crypto treasure. Add your name to the PRE list today, and you will receive an email and account access on February 1st. The opportunity for Pre Sign-Up ends soon, so sign up today.

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