FAQ & GLOSSARY

DNA Keychain Glossary of Terms

Asset: Assets are objects stored in the asset space of eSectors. Address numbers may be formed as follows: asset/entity@eSector.eCountry. For example: M-1111111112@1111.ET.

AUTH: Automated Uniform Transfer Handoff. This is the common process for asset movements between users and is conducted using the PAC consensus model which utilizes BOA for asset authentication and to achieve system-wide agreement.

BOA: Basic Owner Authentication is the eCoin owner authentication process that proves to a validator that the one purporting to own an asset has the control codes and credentials to transfer and control said asset. BOA is the central asset authentication and control mechanism in eCoin and features patent pending cryptographic technology.

Bytosis: The spontaneous division and replication of digital resources by autonomous users acting collectively within a network system following a preprogrammed division and replication process. A derivation from the word mitosis (biological cell division and replication) merged with the word byte.

DAO: Decentralized Autonomous Organization. An organization governed by rules that are encoded as a computer program that is transparent, controlled by shareholders or elected officials and not necessarily controlled by a central authoritative entity or government. In DNA record keeping, financial transactions and program rules are maintained through consensus protocols. This DAO organization provides the management functions and maintains the software and systems for deployments such as DNA, Bitcoin, Etherium, Solana and the like. This organization monitors and repairs functional defects and problems that may arise in any such system. The organization is managed by a central leadership core, or elected council in the case of DNA, who exercises special powers which are granted by way of defacto access control to software repositories, or programmatically assigned council keys in the case of DNA. With DNA these council keys may be granted or revoked by system-wide voting within a set of fully automated consensus protocols.

DNA: DNA is an achronym which stands for Decentralized Network Assets. The DNA consists of a cooperative of worldwide users working together to develop a decentralized database based upon cryptographic protocols and methods which has zero reliance upon one central authority. The network provides universal storage in a public database that also incorporates user equity privacy through encryption and novel, new authentication mechanisms. The DNA is based upon work pioneered in Bitcoin but extends functions to solve the scalability cieling issue and efficiency problems initially encountered in this first generation protocol without sacrificing decentralization and, importantly, counter party risk which arguably exists in many competing solutions.

DNA40*: A numeric labeling system that is far more human friendly then other, typical symbol sets employed in cryptocurrencies, such as Base64 and Base58. DNA40 requires 2 columns to display 1 byte similar to Hexadecimal number. The numbers are arranged in pairs which consist of two constituent numeric symbol sets. These two sets are of bit sizes, 5 and 3 respectively, adding up to 8 bits, which is also 1 byte. These subnumber symbol sets are named Rex32 and Rex8, and consist respecitvely of the following symbols: REX8: 12345678 and REX32: 12345679ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRTUVWXYZ. Both symbol sets omit problematic symbols such as O/0, l (lowercase L which looks very much like the number 1), all lower case letters, and the letter S which may be confused with the number 5. An example number is P11112A321 which is comprised of five pairs of numbers (P1, 11, 12, A3, 21). Each pair stores efficiently as 1 byte and the number is easier for humans to write down and remember then other more complex numbers used in competing cryptocurrency implementations. There are other tricks to the number such as the odd columns are always numbers which provide additional security and verification capabilities. Examples of the same numeric value in various symbol sets (the following represents the same value, just expressed in differing sets)... Decimal: 255; DNA40: Z8; Hexadecimal: ff; Base64URL; _w.

DNA Cryptography: Cipher ed25519 is used to orginate asymetric key pairs. This is the basis of peer signing which is used to make detached signatures. The sodium library is then implemented to convert to curve25519 for encrypting asset information and the owner control system. Curve25519 is called upon directly as basis for BOA.

eCoin: eCoin is the technical protocol name of the DNA deployment and consists of patent pending ideas and processes. eCoin is essentially a peer driven, network system designed to provide equitable storage of peer assets and where movements are controlled only by equal members. eCoin is also a cryptocurrency intended for chain fee payments on the DNA network and is based on an eMoney deployment.

EN: Entity Number. In eCoin there are three types of entities as follows: Peers, Companies and Robots. This number is used throughout the eCoin protocol such as the following: to identify the user during eSector management functions, asset transfer, voting, and entity network identification. An entity's address, or home location is made by combining the EN plus the eSector plus the eCountry. For example, user P1111115Y7 (EN) may have the full address location: P1111115Y7@1111.ET, which is the first eSector, 1111, of the eCountry of Earthtopia, ET. The complete number with all three parts is also called the FAN: Full Address Number.

eCountry: The largest construct of users and assets within the DNA consisting of eSectors generally of uniform and equal size. In addressing the eCountry is the final two letters of the FAN. For example the FAN R-Z421123A5@1112.BT is located in the eCountry of BT or Britanica.

eSector: An eSector consists of a set of all data, data structures, asset types and user states within the DNA for one group of users. An eSector is a database of assets unique to that group of users which is mirrored and maintained by all users of that eSector. The eSector is indicated as the second to last segment of the FAN address number. For example the FAN R-Z421123A5@1112.BT is located in the eSector of 1112.

eZone: An eZone consists of an eSector plus an eCountry. For example 1111.ET. The FAN R-Z421123A5@1112.BT is located in the eZone of 1112.BT.

EVS: Entity Verification Services, an agency selected by the membership through majority vote to conduct entity vetting and verification before permitting their entry as peers. Peers must follow an application process in order to join the network and validate asset movements. This agency also must authorized new companies and robots before becoming chartered. The EVS agency charter must be renewed through a global membership vote every 10 years.

Keychain: (1) A database system comprised of one or more tables that have records that are chained together using successive hashing of key fields, one record after the next, building a singular collection of irrefutable elemental content. These are the tables and databases which make up the majority of the eCoin mainnet. In this definition, the keychain is equivalent to the Blockchain in Bitcoin and Etherium. Unlike Blockchain, Keychain does not collect users into a pool to await validation and acceptance onto the chain. Keychain processes records immediately upon submission by the sender. (2) A table column named dna_keychain within a table of assets or entities which stores the linking hash number to it and every preceding same column of the table. The keychain column within a table provides for a linked list and sequential labeling of records for hash list ordering and database verification at the level of record. This hash number is generated during the AUTH process.

MINER: MINER is an acronym which stands for Management of Information Network and Entity Resolver. The two primary functions of MINERS are to help to manage the asset information network of DNA and to work with the entities to facilitate reliable and timely communications. A MINER is an independent service company who provides worldwide database services to members in order to facilitate the following: asset transfer and tracking functions; user check-ins to provide lists of online users to other users in the network; locker services utilized during asset transfer with PAC; a worldwide look-up of all assets and user public keys; and push notifications to its members. MINERS are paid for their services in eCoins calculated using transaction fees plus a network rewards system.

PAC*: Probable Agreement Consensus is a logical consensus model based upon probability theory whereby agreement from a small sampling of seeded, randomly selected, like members may be used to achieve system-wide agreement of binary decisions. PAC is implemented as the central consensus protocol in eCoin. Outcomes may include decisions of whether or not to authenticate an user as being the true owner of a digital asset based upon a review of presented credential information. PAC allows for efficient and rapid decision making in a decentralized system lacking central authority and control as well as giving each and every member equal say and opportunity in the decision making processes.

Storage Locker: A secure storage location implemented through MINERS and used for convenient information relay during asset validation. Locker ports are opened on the MINER server and secured using network security mechanisms.

TR: Transfer Request. An owner generated message central to the AUTH which acts as the genesis and authorization for a transaction. The TR contains critical asset movement information that must be signed and acknowledged by a set concurrency of the members within an asset eCountry and eSector in order for the asset to be moved within the PAC protocol. A unique pseudo-random number is generated at the beginning of the AUTH which is used to identify the Transfer Request. The Transfer Request is then signed by the participants of the AUTH.

Validator: In the PAC protocol a Validator is a peer in the system who was chosen at random from a known seed and given trust by the other members to act to make a binary decision to authorize a proposed change in an asset database.

* DNA40, BOA and PAC are patent pending technologies